Image: “General Storm,” a portrait of Lieutenant-General V.I. Chuikov created by Muscovite artist Maria Kozlova, 2023.  Organizational leaders often seek the most effective way to engage their employees, foster cohesive working relationships, lift morale, and increase productivity. According to leadership expert  Kevin Ford , there are three effective leadership styles: “ Tactical  leaders focus on solving straightforward problems with operations-oriented expertise.  Strategic  leaders are very future-focused with an ability to maintain a specific vision while forecasting industry and market trends.  Transformational  leaders focus less on making decisions or establishing strategic plans, and more on facilitating organizational collaboration that can help drive a vision forward.” Transformational leadership, the third type identified by Ford, is also known as the  relationship theory  because of the strong focus on the collaboration between leaders and their team members. Based on anecdotal evidence from authentic leader Marshal Chuikov’s memoirs and articles as well as what his peers and subordinates wrote about him, it is safe to say that he was adept at all three of these effective leadership styles and was most certainly a transformational leader. In his book  Stalingrad: How the Red Army Triumphed , author Michael Jones shared the following remarks, which support my stance on Vasily Ivanovich's effective leadership: “Vasily Chuikov summed up the enemy that he faced at Stalingrad with brutal simplicity: ‘The Germans were smart, they were tough and there were a lot of them!' Facing them was a Russian force that had only just come into being. The 62nd was one of Russia's youngest armies. In the summer of 1942 it was poorly trained, badly equipped and largely demoralized. On the approaches to Stalingrad it was hammered by the Germans and many of its divisions were smashed to pieces. But yet, in the ruins of the city, the battered remnants found the will and courage to confront their assailants and turn the tables on them. Something remarkable happened at Stalingrad. At the outset of the battle the Germans held all the military advantages. But as one British newspaper, the  Daily Telegraph,  noted at the end of September 1942: ‘It is, indeed, something more than material conditions, something that transcends the pure mechanics of war, that is involved at Stalingrad. It is the great imponderable morale that has turned a defensive with so many handicaps, a defensive, moreover, that seemed spent, into this astounding episode that is clearly baffling the German Command.’ The tale of the Russian defenders at Stalingrad transcends time and place. It tells of astonishing resilience and a triumph in the face of overwhelming odds. Morale and motivation transformed the 62nd Army into a fighting force of stupendous power. In private conversation, Vasily Chuikov discarded communist rhetoric to express a truth every soldier at Stalingrad would have understood: 'When a person is pushed to his very limits, and he realizes there is absolutely nowhere else to go - then they really have to start fighting!'”

Pictured: Marshal V. I. Chuikov enjoying a game of chess in an undated photo featured in Ivan Paderin’s book The Earth Does Not Tolerate the Timid (Zemlya Ne Terpit Robkikh). In a continuation of a previous blog post featuring the Big Five Personality Traits model developed by Smith, Goldberg, and McCrae and Costa, the final two traits of Agreeableness and Neuroticism are explored. Ratings are assigned based on anecdotal information gained from years of intense study of Marshal Chuikov’s life and work. · Agreeableness – High to Moderate · Neuroticism – Moderate Agreeableness – High to Moderate Agreeableness refers to the level of interest one person has for another and the amount of empathy and concern expressed. Chuikov certainly cared about his soldiers and demonstrated empathy for others throughout his career. There are numerous accounts of how the Commander lifted the morale of his troops in Stalingrad. Coercion alone would not have been effective—the beleaguered soldiers responded to a leader who inspired them in the trenches. A moderate level of agreeableness alludes to a tendency to compete with others. Competition causes a person to be creative, and how a person deals with success and failure helps to shape their character. It also causes a person to persevere even in the most difficult challenges. Vasily Ivanovich grew up in a large family—he was 1 of 12 children and the 8th born—and no doubt there were some ways in which siblings competed with each other. He enjoyed the game of chess immensely, and finally bested an exhausted chess grandmaster after an extended period of gaming. There is a tendency to perceive competitiveness as a negative trait. However, there are positive outcomes in being competitive. Case in point--Chuikov was highly driven and hated to lose, a personality trait that was crucial to holding Stalingrad in the face of annihilation. Neuroticism – Moderate Neuroticism is defined as having a mercurial temperament, and Marshal Chuikov has been described as someone who was occasionally moody with an explosive temper. However, his positive qualities outweighed the negative ones and a rating of moderate for the trait of neuroticism seems appropriate. When paired appropriately with other leaders, Vasily Ivanovich was especially effective. For instance, his partnership with Marshal N. I. Krylov in Stalingrad and beyond was one of mutual benefit. Krylov had a way of calming Chuikov in stressful situations, and the two men worked together seamlessly in the leadership of the 62nd Army. Their personalities were complementary, and when they combined their efforts, the strengths of both men were featured. Their professional and personal relationship spanned for many years afterward, and the two Marshals worked together in the Central Committee of the Communist Party and in defense of the Soviet Union—Krylov oversaw strategic missiles, and Chuikov directed the civil defense.

Pictured: Soviet leaders photographed at the Kremlin, 1960s. Three Marshals of the Soviet Union appear in this photo, all on the front row: second from left, V.I. Chuikov; third from left, G.K. Zhukov; and fifth from the left, S.M. Budyenny. The Big Five Traits Personality Theory explores factors that serve as “building blocks” to personality—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (think OCEAN as an acronym). A person can be rated high, moderate, or low on each trait to help pinpoint the overall personality type. This informs a person’s leadership style as well—and knowing the theory helps one to understand other team members too. In reflection upon Marshal Chuikov’s personality traits and how these align with the Big Five Traits model, here is my assessment based on the past 14 years of leadership studies. The first three traits are explored in this blog post, and the final two will be explained in a follow-up entry. Openness – High Conscientiousness – High Extraversion – Very High Agreeableness – High to Moderate Neuroticism – Moderate Openness – High Chuikov was known as a Commander who did not abide by templates. In his book The Battle for Stalingrad, he shared how understanding the theories of warfare was important—but being tied to one way of doing battle could be detrimental. He was creative and innovative, ushering in a new type of urban warfare by reducing “no man’s land”—the space between the front lines of the opposing sides—and by using “storm groups” in bombed-out buildings. This type of warfare was dubbed “hugging the enemy,” which terrified the Germans. They were more accustomed to open area warfare, and the entrapped soldiers at Stalingrad found themselves in a hand-to-hand battle of attrition with the Red Army. As a professional musician, I liken the attribute of high openness to utilizing improvisation on an instrument or in composition. Improvisation requires a musician to have a grasp of music theory, but not be held captive by the theory. If a composer or musician “breaks” the rules of music theory, there is sound reasoning for doing so—it isn’t accidental. Conscientiousness – High Conscientiousness refers to a person’s ability to be prepared, to execute a plan well, and his attentiveness to details. Throughout his lengthy career, Marshal Chuikov served in various leadership roles that required extensive planning and collaboration with other military leaders and departments. A prime example was his leadership over the Soviet Union’s civil defense, which required comprehensive planning and implementation to cover citizens from infants to the elderly. Chuikov served in this position from 1962 to 1972 and made numerous trips throughout the Soviet Union to review the country's defense during that time. Extraversion – Very High It is easy to see why Vasily Ivanovich is still admired and well-loved—he was approachable and exuded warmth to others. He possessed a natural charisma and inspired others by his active leadership. Chuikov knew how to connect with people at all levels—from the lowly foot soldier to heads of state. He enjoyed talking with youth groups as well and spent much time in community service. Instead of resting on his laurels, he led a very actively engaged public life. Extroverts are energized by spending time with other people, which is a helpful trait for high-profile leaders like Marshal Chuikov.

Pictured: Part 2 of a 6-part series of articles by Marshal V. I. Chuikov titled “The Beginning of the Road” in the Polish-language magazine Panorama , 13 November 1960. After his request to return to Russia in early 1942 from his duty in China was approved, General Chuikov quickly found himself in the position of working out the weaknesses of a stalwart enemy. A learned leader and gifted military analyst, he scrutinized German blitzkrieg patterns and determined they were inflexible in their methods and fought according to a template and schedule. However, the tactics that worked for the Germans in France and Poland—swiftly moving Army groups with a fully coordinated attack plan—did not work in Stalingrad, which was a brutal battle of attrition that descended into bloody hand-to-hand combat. Years after the end of the Battle for Stalingrad, Vasily Ivanovich wrote copiously about his experiences in the Great Patriotic War. An excerpt from his series of articles appearing in the Polish magazine Panorama  in 1960 shared his observations and an insightful interview with an enemy pilot: “I noticed weaknesses in their tactics. In terms of intensity and organization, the preparatory artillery fire was quite weak. The artillery strikes and mine throws were not concentrated, not penetrating in-depth, but limited only to the front lines. The German tanks did not start with the attack without infantry and without air cover. There was no bravery of the German tankers on the battlefield, nor the boldness and surprising actions that only the Western press wrote about. On the contrary. Their actions were lethargic, too cautious and hesitant. […] Believing in the infallibility of their tactical and operational methods, the Nazis continued to follow the pattern followed behind the Don [River]: air force, artillery fire, infantry, followed by tanks. The Germans did not know any other order during the attack. And when our scouts and observers saw a concentration of German infantry, artillery and camps in front of the defense lines on the evening of 5 August [1942], there was no need to think about what all of this meant. It was known that the opponent would proceed to offensive actions according to the established order. Once, a Nazi airman was brought to me, who, hit by a bullet, was forced to land north of the Novomaksimovsky chute. The prisoner of war stated that the German airmen were not afraid of the Soviet fighters, because the combat superiority of the Messerschmitts was obvious. […] However, as soldiers, he valued our airmen very highly for their bravery, endurance, and courage. ‘The decisive advantage in the fight is the air force,’ claimed the captive. ‘Not only do they believe in aviation themselves, aviators but also land forces. If we did not have such aviation, we would not be able to boast similar successes in the West and in the East.’ But when I asked him what he thought about the end of the war, he shrugged his shoulders and replied: ‘As for Russia, the Führer miscalculated. Neither he nor many Germans expected such busy resistance. That's why it's hard for me to say something on the outcome of the war.’”

Pictured: Soviet-era journal Za Rulyom  ( Behind the Wheel ), No. 8 August 1968 edition; Marshal V. I. Chuikov’s article titled “Communists, Forward!” ( Kommunisty, Vpered !); Cover art for Chuikov’s book Youth Was Tempered in Battles  ( Zakalyalas' Molodost' v Boyakh ). This particular copy of Chuikov's book was inscribed by the author to Valentin Osipovich Osipov, who served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Young Guard Publishing House during that time, dated 1 August 1968. As a researcher, there is great satisfaction when finding resources that align with each other chronologically. Here is one example of such an alignment—the August 1968 journal Behind the Wheel  featured a 3-page article written by Marshal Chuikov in which he highlighted his experiences during the Russian Civil War, his joining the Communist Party as a 19-year-old, and his role in the military beyond those times. The introduction to the article mentions Chuikov’s newly published book, Youth Was Tempered in Battles , which was released earlier in 1968. Although I do not have access to an electronic translation of this book and I am currently learning to read Russian, he shared about the Russian Civil War in his work titled From Stalingrad to Berlin , an excerpt of which is provided here: “I also understood that new, more severe tests awaited me, because the situation at the front was very difficult and alarming - the Nazis, having superiority in tanks and aircraft, were rushing to the Volga, to Stalingrad, regardless of losses. I was ready for any challenge. My youth was tempered in battles on the fronts of the Civil War, I had moral guidelines—glorious commanders and commissars who live in memory from the time of the struggle against [Alexander] Kolchak (a former admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy who was a “White” army commander). Then, at the beginning of 1919, having arrived in Kazan with a certificate of completion of the Kraskom courses, I was appointed assistant commander of the 40th regiment for combat units. Soon, two marching companies of this regiment were presented for review to the Commander of the 2nd Army, Vasily Ivanovich Shorin, whose headquarters was in Sarapul. I brought these companies there on a blizzard day in February, but I was hot. Commander Shorin, a strict and demanding commander, stood surrounded by experienced, gray-haired combatants, and in front of them some boy showed the combat readiness of the companies, one hundred and fifty people each. If one of them falls off his feet, he makes a mistake in a rifle technique—and a failure. However, the fighters themselves felt the responsibility of the moment, pulled themselves up. The same spring, which is called military partnership, worked in them. All commands are carried out diligently, smoothly, clearly. A turn, another turn, moving in a deployed formation, again curled up in a column. I'm glad—not a single failure. And how clumsy they were in the ranks two months ago! Especially that youngster from the second company… Believers try to be gloomy, [but] when they look at me, they hide smiles in their mustaches. I know, I feel that my youth makes them laugh, but I have nowhere to hide my reciprocal smile—my mustache has not grown yet.”

Pictured: a plaque commemorating Marshal Chuikov, General Altunin, and General Govorov as leaders of the Civil Defense of the Soviet Union. Another blog  entry explores Marshal Chuikov’s role as the Chief  of the Civil Defense of the USSR. Beginning in 1961, Vasily Ivanovich devoted himself to the protection of his homeland by developing a comprehensive plan for millions of citizens during the Cold War. He wrote at least two training manuals on the subject— Civil Defense in Nuclear Missile War  and Improving and Strengthening Civil Defense —in the 1960s. However, Marshal Chuikov realized his time in the role of Chief would come to an end, and he would transition into retirement. He actively served his beloved country until his final days, however, as a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet, a Delegate to the Congress of the Communist Party, a member of the Central Committee, and as an author, speaker, Chairman of the 62nd-8th Guards Army veterans organization, and as an Inspector General of the Group of General Inspectors of the Soviet Ministry of Defense. A succession plan  ensures critical roles are carried out in a consistent manner by selecting and developing key talent, which are integral parts of the process. Planning one’s retirement and considering the next leader is a phenomenon recognized around the world, and for good reason. When leaders in executive positions plan their transition, they must consider preservation of organizational knowledge and continuity of culture. The new leader must possess the requisite skills, knowledge, experience, and competencies necessary to “take over the reigns” in the organization. Succession planning requires careful consideration, transparency, communication, and coordination. To that end, Marshal Chuikov set about the task of determining who his successor  should be: “Colonel-General Alexander Terentyevich Altunin took over as head of the USSR Civil Defense after a personal proposal from Marshal Chuikov, the previous head of the USSR Civil Defense. Vasily Ivanovich personally proposed to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Kosygin and the Minister of Defense of the USSR Grechko the candidacy of a combat officer with management experience. In his new post, Alexander Terentyevich Altunin actively continued the development of the country's civil defense system, both at the organizational and technical levels. It was under him that the reorientation of the USSR Civil Defense and the solution of peacetime problems began. Under General Altunin, the “Regulation on Civil Defense” of 1961, which was then in force, was also changed, which no longer corresponded to the realities of the new time. The document developed by the Headquarters of the USSR Civil Defense was approved by the Central Committee of the CPPS and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on March 18, 1976, being until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the main law on the civil defense of the country. The new regulation resolved the legal issues of interaction between territorial, sectoral and military bodies in planning and solving civil defense tasks in peacetime and wartime. Almost all organizational work of A.T. Altunin was aimed at improving the principles, means and methods of protecting the population, economy and territories from possible armed conflicts with the use of weapons of mass destruction. The number of protective structures increased significantly, formations and warehouses of civil defense were equipped in abundance with personal protective equipment, machinery and equipment. The training of the Civil Defense units increased every year. It became mandatory and universal to train the population in the field of civil defense - every citizen was trained in it, starting from the age of eight.”

Pictured: Article featuring General of the Army V. I. Chuikov and his appointment in Berlin in The Vancouver Daily Province , 30 March 1949. Marshal Chuikov was a physically powerful man who held a strong work ethic established in his early years in Tsarist Russia. Growing up in a large family of peasant farmers and leaving home at the age of twelve to pursue work in the city, young Vasily Ivanovich was no stranger to hard work and sweat. When he was a 19-year-old Red Army Calvary regimental commander during the Russian Civil War, Vasily Ivanovich displayed leadership qualities beyond his age. As a life-long learner, he continued developing his leadership skills during the interwar period. A true “fighting general” in later years, Chuikov was actively in the trenches with his soldiers in the Great Patriotic War, achieving the unthinkable in holding Stalingrad from the German invaders. As a Commander, Chuikov was not afraid to “dirty his hands” and actively took part in defense as well as the offensive drive. This type of leadership is based on a foundation of humility. Interestingly enough, the root word for humility  comes from humus , which means “earth” or “dirt.” One example of his leadership style comes from an anecdote shared in The Vancouver Daily Province  newspaper in 1949. Journalist David Nichol described a time when Colonel-General Chuikov actively assisted Red Army sappers in building a wooden bridge to cross a river in Ukraine: “The general is short and less stocky than most Russians. He speaks quietly but in quickly shifting moods. He has a ready laugh but can also be coldly correct and forbidding. Chuikov’s name appeared regularly in Soviet communiques for the exploits of the units he commanded, and his soldiers regarded him most highly. Later in Ukraine, I heard another account from admiring Russian GIs. Chuikov once came up to a stream which Soviet engineers were bridging with trees when engaged in a forward drive. In his urgency to go ahead, Chuikov peeled off his jacket and pitched in himself with axe and hammer. When the bridge was complete, he broke out a vodka bottle as a reward. Then he swirled on toward the Nazi lines.”

Pictured: First Deputy Chairman of the KGB S.K. Tsvigun (second from right), Marshal of the Soviet Union V.I. Chuikov (third from left), Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. Konev (second from left), first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee E.M. Tyazhelnikov (far right),   and   composer T.N. Khrennikov (third from right) at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Moscow, 1970s. The author of the photo is S. Gurary, a photojournalist for the Trud newspaper. Tsvigun family archive   Over the past three years, I have thoroughly enjoyed having the unique opportunity to research the life and work of Marshal Chuikov and his ascension to the highest military rank in the former Soviet Union. A recent conversation with a fellow researcher prompted the question, “What if?” What if there had been no Great Patriotic War, no massive victory over the Nazis and their allies? What kind of life might Vasily Ivanovich have lived, and what career would he have pursued? Based on the various leadership qualities and personality traits Marshal Chuikov exhibited during his lifetime and oft written about in this blog, perhaps he would have pursued a career as an effective politician. Having heard Lenin speak in public in 1918, Chuikov was greatly inspired and joined the Communist Party at a young age. Even after his official retirement in 1972, Vasily Ivanovich remained highly involved in the Central Committee of the Communist Party, continuing to serve as a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet (a position he held since 1946). Moreover, he often served as a Delegate from his region, even in his final year of life (1981) for the 26th Congress of the 11th Convocation. While numerous historical accounts focus on Marshal Chuikov's military posts, especially his leadership of the 62nd-8th Guards Army during the Battle for Stalingrad and the capture of Berlin, his education at Frunze Military Academy in the early 1920s also prepared him for a diplomatic career. He spent several years abroad in China and, after WW2, in Germany in the roles of  military governor of Thuringia  as well as the Chief of the Soviet Control Commission of the German Democratic Republic. Serving in such a capacity in the GDR allowed Chuikov to interact with and entertain political leaders from the Western Allies and beyond. Later on, when former US President Dwight Eisenhower (1969) and French leader Charles de Gaulle (1970) passed away, Marshal Chuikov was selected to represent the Soviet Union in a delegation of leaders to pay tribute and express the nation's condolences. With years of experience in interfacing with other world leaders, he was an outstanding choice for these diplomatic trips during the Cold War.

Pictured: The Commander of the 8th Guards Army, Hero of the Soviet Union, Colonel-General V.I. Chuikov sets the combat mission, 1944. Even the best leaders have challenging days, and Marshal Chuikov was no exception to this. During the Great Patriotic War in May 1944, he received a reprimand from Josef Stalin himself, calling Chuikov’s attention to troop preparedness at the Dniester River in Moldova. As one can imagine, it must have been a harsh “wake-up call” to be presented with such a communication. Receiving a stern, written warning from a superior tends to cause a subordinate to pause, assess the situation, and swiftly make adjustments to comply. Failing to address such concerns typically has harsh consequences, leading up to termination. To better understand what happened in May 1944, it is helpful to review the Marshal’s own account from his memoirs titled In Battles for Ukraine : “The Nazi command could not help but launch an offensive on the Dniester, at least with the goal of eliminating the bridgeheads we had captured on its right bank, so that, having strengthened along the entire right bank, thus putting a barrier to the advance of Soviet troops in the Balkans. We should have expected the Nazis to intensify their actions; this explained the concern of the Supreme High Command with the construction of defensive lines along the left bank of the Dniester. [More on this later… MK] By May 8, the enemy concentrated against the Pugachen bridgehead, which was defended by four rifle divisions of the 8th Guards Army, four infantry and three tank divisions with a total of about two hundred and fifty tanks. By this time, our divisions occupying the bridgehead had not yet received reinforcements in either manpower or equipment. The army had only ten tanks on the bridgehead, half of which were captured. […] On May 10, at 2:50 a.m., the Nazis began artillery preparation against our front line and the depth of our defense. After forty minutes of intense artillery fire, supported by aviation, infantry and tanks moved into the attack. This furious attack of the enemy was unexpected for us. However, the first attacks were repelled. The night attack, designed for surprise, also failed. The Nazis rolled back, suffering significant losses in manpower and equipment. With the onset of dawn, the enemy, having resumed artillery and aviation preparations, brought into battle forty to fifty tanks and self-propelled guns, with air support from forty bombers, pushed the right-flank units of the 28th Guards Corps to the northwestern part of Pugachen, and then to the center of this populated area point. It was clear that the enemy was trying to reach our crossing through Pugachen, along the bank of the Dniester. […] On the day of the battle, on May 10, more than four thousand enemy soldiers and officers were killed, over sixty tanks were destroyed and burned, and fifteen enemy aircraft were shot down in air battles and by anti-aircraft artillery. […] Malinovsky was awakened by artillery cannonade at about three o'clock in the morning. Having understood the situation, he ordered front-line aviation to join the battle with all their might against the enemy advancing on the bridgehead. At dawn, the commander of the air army, Colonel General V. A. Sudets, arrived at my observation post on a mound between the villages of Butor and Tashlyk. Following him, the commander of the front artillery, General M. I. Nedelin, arrived. I coordinated with the first one air strikes on enemy tank and infantry columns, and asked the second one to deliver more ammunition. On the night of May 10-11, the enemy did not show much activity, but all the time he kept up strong rifle and machine-gun fire on the front edge of our defense and carried out fire raids on the crossings of the Dniester and on the approaches to them through the villages of Tashlyk and Butor.” The mound near the village of Butor is one of the largest in Eastern Europe. From here, the legendary hero of Stalingrad, General Vasily Chuikov, led the battle for the Sherpen-Pugachen bridgehead. On May 10, 1944, one of the largest battles on the banks of the Dniester began. The fighting lasted for almost two weeks. The Wehrmacht threw several hundred tanks and thousands of infantrymen to eliminate the bridgehead, where units of the Stalingrad 8th Guards Army were located. The famous Stalingrad sniper Vasily Zaitsev was wounded in the battles. The New York Times  reported an update on the battle, provided by the United Press on 11 May 1944: Huge forces of German tanks and infantry are attacking the Soviet bridgehead on the west bank of the Dniester River above Tiraspol, but so far the Red Army has thrown them back with grave losses in men and material, Moscow reported tonight. Berlin claimed that German troops had broken through to the river and, fanning out, had wiped out the entire bridgehead in one sector, inflicting heavy casualties and capturing more than 563 guns. The German communiqué said the attacks, obviously aimed at forestalling a Soviet drive to complete the conquest of Bessarabia, began yesterday.  In response to the heavy Red Army losses and perceived lack of watchfulness by the command staff, Stalin sent a communique to Chuikov and the Commander of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, Rodion Malinovsky: On May 10, the troops of the 8th Guards and 57th Armies, occupying a bridgehead on the Western Bank of the Dniester south of Grigoriopol, were subjected to a sudden attack by the enemy, as a result of which they lost this operationally important bridgehead for us and suffered heavy losses to their forces and equipment. This could only have happened as a result of unacceptable carelessness and loss of vigilance, both on the part of the front command, and especially on the part of the command of the 8th Guards Army. The transition to defense should not mean the cessation of combat activity of troops and cannot serve as a reason to weaken their combat readiness. I draw your attention to the inadmissibility of such a weakening of the leadership of the troops and warn you that from now on you will be held strictly accountable for any manifestation of carelessness and loss of vigilance. Stalin Letter from Stalin  to Malinovsky, Layok, Chuikov in connection with the loss of an important bridgehead about the inadmissibility of weakening the leadership of the troops. It is important to recall that before the Wehrmacht's invasion of the USSR, Stalin himself made a strategic mistake by not believing in Hitler's treachery. Thus he showed carelessness and lack of vigilance to all reports from Soviet intelligence officers. Moreover, he accused his surroundings of panicking in the face of an impending mortal threat. Many diplomats and military personnel suffered because of this. However, this is a topic for another blog entry... Back to the current issue... After receiving Stalin’s stern communication, Malinovsky counseled Chuikov and then documented the event. It appears that after the conversation, Vasily Ivanovich made adjustments quickly to rectify the situation, based on Malinovsky’s comments: Combat Characteristics of 20 May 1944 He exercises leadership of the troops skillfully and competently. Operational-tactical training is good. He knows how to rally his subordinates around him, mobilizing them for the firm performance of combat missions. Personally energetic, decisive, brave and demanding general. Recently, Comrade Chuikov found a manifestation of elements bordering on conceit and disdain for the enemy, which led to complacency and a loss of vigilance. But, having received strict instructions on this matter, Comrade Chuikov decisively overcame these weaknesses. In general, Colonel-General Chuikov is a fighting and decisively offensive army commander, who knows how to organize a modern breakthrough of the enemy's defense and develop it to operational success. Front Commander, Army General Malinovsky Member of the Military Council, Lieutenant General Zheltov ***Special thanks to Alexey Korshunov for his contribution!***

Pictured: Chuikov’s letter to his wife Valentina from Berlin, 10 May 1945. Translation: Hello, my dear Valya! I’m kissing you, my love, over and over. Kissing little Nelya and Rina, too [daughters Ninel and Irina]. My dear! The long-awaited hour of victory has arrived. The entire country and the whole world are rejoicing, even the Germans, who have been freed from Hitler’s nightmare. And what do I feel now? I feel like an unemployed man, after working so many years on the most active fronts of this war. I can’t quite grasp or adjust to the peaceful surroundings. It’s wild that you go to bed and no one wakes you up, they don’t shoot, they don’t bomb, the question involuntarily arises, what to do? How did this happen? To enter Berlin as a victor, to come all the way from Stalingrad to Berlin—back in 1942, this would have been a fantasy. In 1943 and 1944, it was just a dream, but by 1945, it was the road we had traveled. Undoubtedly, the feeling of joy was great, especially on May 1st at 3 a.m., when the Chief of the German General Staff arrived and began to speak about surrender. I felt, right before my eyes, that Nazi Germany was bowing to its knees. I was overjoyed, for everything and for everyone. The very next day, when the Berlin garrison had already surrendered and the commander of Berlin’s defense sat across from me with his staff, I involuntarily asked myself, “What’s next?” And now, it’s time to truly adjust...   Marshal Chuikov’s letter captures the emotional complexity of a soldier's transition from the battlefield to a peacetime reality after years of war. Writing to his wife after the victory over Germany, Chuikov expresses his deep love and longing for his family while reflecting on the unexpected disorientation that peace brings. His words reveal the profound shift in his world—he describes feeling like an “unemployed man” now that his purpose, shaped by years on the “most active fronts,” has suddenly vanished. Vasily Ivanovich conveys a sense of awe at the scale of their achievement, tracing the improbable journey from the bleak days of 1942 in Stalingrad to the ultimate victory in Berlin. The path from despair to triumph is marked by a blend of disbelief and pride, underscored by his description of the German General Staff surrendering before him. Yet, alongside his pride, Chuikov’s lingering question—“What’s next?”—echoes a sense of uncertainty. The war's end left a void where purpose and routine once dominated, and adjusting to a world without the constant threat of violence feels surreal to him. This letter offers a poignant glimpse into the inner life of a soldier at a historic moment. It reminds us that victory is not purely celebratory; it is accompanied by a complex blend of relief, pride, and an unsettling need to redefine oneself. For Chuikov, victory meant not only liberation for millions but also the beginning of a personal journey to find meaning in a life no longer defined by war.   ***Special thanks to Igor Musienko for his translation.***

October 8, 1974: Marshal of the  Soviet Union  V.I. Chuikov (center), Commander of the 8th Guards Army during the  Battle  of the Seelow Heights and former commander-in-chief of the Soviet  forces  in  Germany , and Army General P.A. Kurochkin (right, head of the Frunze Military Academy) visited the liberation  memorial  on the Seelow Heights. Behind Kurochkin is General Fedyuninsky, who was also part of the Soviet delegation visiting the GDR for the 25th anniversary of the birth of the state. The Soviet personalities were greeted by the Central Committee  member and 1st Secretary of the Frankfurt (Oder) District Leadership of the  SED, Jochen Hertwig ( left ). The military laid a  bouquet of flowers at the final resting place of the fallen Red Army soldiers. After visiting the museum,  Marshal Chuikov signed the guest book . Recently, I discovered an article written by Fyodor Kuzmich Shapovalov in Рубну Мурманск  ( Rubnu Murmansk ) dated January 1975 which provided a detailed account of a special visit. The article focused on the activities of a Soviet delegation headed by Marshal Chuikov on the 25th anniversary of the founding of the German Democratic Republic in October 1974. Interestingly, October 2024 is the 75th anniversary of the establishment of the GDR, and the 50th anniversary of Marshal Chuikov's trip. Author F.K. Shapovalov  was born in the village of Velikoye, Belorechensky District, Krasnodar Territory. In January 1942, he began his military service in the 103rd Separate Cadet Rifle Brigade. By September 1942, he had become a reconnaissance platoon commander, and later a rifle company commander in the 1133rd Rifle Regiment of the 339th Division. In September 1943, he joined the 1050th Rifle Regiment of the 301st Division, 9th Corps, 5th Shock Army, eventually rising to the position of battalion commander. Shapovalov participated in the storming of Berlin and was among the first to break into the Imperial Chancellery. Alongside Lieutenant General F.E. Bokov (who is referred to in Shapovalov’s article as a member of the delegation), he signed Hitler's last personal operational map, symbolizing the end of hostilities between the USSR and Germany. This historic artifact is preserved in the Central Museum of the Russian Army in Moscow. Pictured: Fyodor Shapovalov, with the inscription - "I certify the personal signature and identity of reserve officer F.K. Shapovalov. Murmansk City Military Commissariat Guards Colonel Ivansky." Shapovalov was among the Soviet war veterans selected for this trip. The following paragraphs are an excerpt from his article: “On October 5, 1974, at 9:20 a.m., a delegation of Soviet war veterans, headed by Marshal V.I. Chuikov and Lieutenant General F.E. Bokov, flew from Sheremetyevo Airport to Berlin to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic. Each of us had a personal invitation from the Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and the GDR government. A special plane was sent for the delegation by the First Secretary of the SED, comrade Erich Honecker. We were accompanied on the flight by responsible officers from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defense of the GDR. It was clear that the GDR leadership sought to invite those war veterans who had personally seen Berlin, Germany in April-May 1945, and who could compare the conditions of 1945 with the current situation. Three hours later, the plane landed at Berlin's Schönefeld Airport. We were warmly welcomed by the residents of Berlin, representatives from other districts of the country, youth, members of the Politburo of the SED, leaders of the "GDR–Soviet Union" society, and the public of the capital…   October 7, 1974.   At 10 o'clock, a parade of the National People's Army troops began to mark the 25th anniversary of the formation of the GDR. It should be noted that the parade made a strong impression, and it can be confidently said that our German friends have something to defend and the means to defend it.    Until 8 PM today, our "Program" allotted time for us to participate in the public festivities and meet with representatives of public organizations and friends. Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant General I.P. Rosly, I.I. Gumerov, Salidjan Alimov, and the author of these lines used this time to visit the sites of former battles. We inspected the building of the Ministry of Aviation, walked along Wilhelmstraße and Voßstraße, and approached the place where the Reich Chancellery building once stood, but the building has long since disappeared. Only a small mound of rubble, bricks, and stones, now overgrown with weeds, marks the site of the Führer’s bunker. At exactly 8 PM, under a thunder of applause, L.I. Brezhnev, Erich Honecker, Willi Stoph, A.A. Gromyko, Horst Sindermann, and their accompanying persons entered the reception hall. Comrade Erich Honecker thanked all the guests for their attention and for accepting the invitation to come to the GDR for the celebrations marking the 25th anniversary of the Republic. He proposed a toast in honor of the dear Soviet guests, members of the party-government delegation led by L.I. Brezhnev, and in honor of the Soviet war veterans led by Marshal V.I. Chuikov and Lieutenant General F.E. Bokov. The reception was warm and cordial, and the relations between the hosts and guests were brotherly and sincere. October 8, 1974: The delegation of Soviet war veterans split into four groups and traveled to different districts of the republic: Dresden, Magdeburg, Erfurt, and Neubrandenburg. The former chief of staff of the 26th Guards Rifle Corps of the 5th Shock Army, Major General N.K. Antipov, Colonel Makhmudov, Colonel Gordienko, Lieutenant Colonel Gumerov, Captain Alimov, and I headed to Neubrandenburg. (During this time, Marshal Chuikov and Generals Kurochkin and Fedyuninsky visited the memorial site at Seelow Heights. More on Chuikov and Battle of Seelow Heights is found here .)   October 9, 1974: We were scheduled to attend two more events in Berlin: at 5 PM, a friendly meeting with the youth of the GDR at the "Friedrichstadt-Palast" hall; and at 7 PM, a dinner in honor of our delegation organized by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED in the building of the Central Committee of the SED.   At 4:55 PM, the delegation of Soviet war veterans, led by Marshal V.I. Chuikov and Lieutenant General F.E. Bokov, entered the Friedrichstadt-Palast hall. Their procession was accompanied by a thunderous round of applause and shouts of "Peace! Friendship!" from the entrance of the hall to their seats in the stalls. The Soviet guests were assigned seats in the front rows, alongside members of the government, leaders of the SED, and the high command of the GDR People's Army. The meeting with the youth was opened by the Secretary of the Central Council of the Free German Youth, Comrade Egon Krenz. Then, Comrade Erich Honecker, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED, spoke, expressing greetings and gratitude to the veterans for liberating the German people from fascism. Responses were given by Marshal V.I. Chuikov and Lieutenant General F.E. Bokov. Between the speeches of each speaker, songs and dances were performed. Artists from the song and dance ensembles of the GDR People's Army and the Soviet Army performed. Notably, it was not only the high level of execution that stood out, but also the collaboration between the artistic and creative talents of the German soldiers and the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union… Berlin: Friendship meeting of the youth of the GDR capital with heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Marshal Chuikov spoke to the 3,000 rally participants on 9.10.74 in the Friedrichstadt-Palast Hall. The former Supreme Commander of the Soviet Armed Forces in Germany and Head of the SMAD, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Vasily Chuikov, spoke to the 3,000 rally participants on 9.10.74 in the Friedrichstadtpalast. At the dinner [at 7 PM], we heard from Marshal V.I. Chuikov new information, previously unknown to us, about the biographies of Comrades Erich Honecker and Army General Hoffmann. When the Soviet troops encircled the Berlin grouping of fascist forces west of Potsdam in April 1945, our motorized units caught up with a fascist punitive squad that was escorting a large group of German anti-fascists to execution. The soldiers of the Soviet Army defeated the SS troops and freed the prisoners, among whom was Erich Honecker. He had languished for 12 years in Hitler's concentration camps. Army General Hoffmann fought alongside the Soviet Army against the fascists… The German comrades know the famous Russian proverb, "Better to see something once than to hear about it ten times." That is why they invited to the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Republic those Soviet veterans who had seen Berlin and Germany in 1945. There was much to see and much to compare. We were generously provided with visual aids: albums, slide films, and reference books. Comrades Erich Honecker, Willy Stoph, and Horst Zindermann presented each Soviet veteran an illustrated book titled 25 Years of the GDR . October 10, 1974: The last day of our stay in the GDR has arrived. The program is scheduled as follows: the morning is reserved for the guests, and at 12:00, there will be a farewell lunch hosted by a member of the Politburo of the SED Central Committee and Minister of National Defense, Army General Hoffmann…   ‘The government has decided to award Marshal Chuikov and Generals Fedyuninsky, Kurochkin, and Bokov with orders, while all the others will receive the medal 'For Strengthening Brotherhood in Arms' in gold,’ said the lieutenant colonel to me. Five minutes later, the Minister of National Defense, Army General Hoffmann, attached the GDR order to Marshal Chuikov's uniform. He then pinned orders to the uniforms of Generals Bokov, Fedyuninsky, and Kurochkin. The remaining awards were presented by officers of the National Army of the GDR sitting nearby, but the person handing out the award had to hold a rank equal to or higher than that of the awardee. Marshal Chuikov and General Bokov, on behalf of all the veterans, expressed their gratitude to the Politburo of the SED and the government of the GDR for the high awards, stating that these honors were not only for us, not just for our military labor, but also for all the Soviet people who, alongside us, liberated the German people from fascism. Wishing us a safe journey and every success, our German friends gave us time to gather our belongings and prepare for departure to the airport. We boarded the buses and cars and soon arrived at the familiar Schönefeld Airport… Army General Hoffmann embraced each war veteran, kissed them, and shook their hands firmly. He accompanied us to the aircraft's steps, wishing us a safe journey and a quick reunion at the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the victory over fascism. On the way back to Moscow, we were also accompanied by employees from the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR. After three hours, we landed safely at Sheremetyevo Airport. I.F. Senichkin, a responsible worker from the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU, reminded all war veterans to be at the building of the Soviet War Veterans Committee on Gogolevsky Boulevard by 10 a.m. on October 11. October 11, 1974: The next day, at the appointed time, all delegates were present at the Soviet War Veterans Committee building. We summarized the results of our visit and assured the Central Committee of the CPSU that upon returning to our ships, enterprises, collective farms, and state farms, we would share our experiences about the GDR and the people of our fraternal country, as well as the significant transformations it had achieved over a quarter of a century in building a developed socialist society. Honorary Badge of the Soviet War Veterans Committee All members of the delegation were awarded the Honorary Badge of the Soviet War Veterans Committee. Army General P.I. Batov warmly congratulated the veterans, wishing us good health and happiness.”   ***Special thanks to Igor Musienko for his excellent translation of Shapovalov’s article!***

Pictured: General Chuikov in post-war Germany, signed and dated 5 June 1948 (lower right-hand corner). I have enjoyed reading about Marshal Chuikov’s work experience in post-war Germany, where he served in various leadership positions. My latest research focuses on his authentic stewardship and regard for scarce resources. Perhaps this was learned from his early years of lean living as a peasant in tsarist Russia. Forbes  contributing author Rajeev Peshawaria  wrote that authentic stewards “want to create value, but not at the expense of other stakeholders, society, future generations, or the environment.” Being an authentic steward involves a clear vision for the future and wise allocation of resources. It requires strategic planning as well as implementation of controls, both of which are functions of effective management. The anecdote about Chuikov’s authentic stewardship provided in this blog entry is found in Vasily Pavlovich Bryukhov’s memoir titled T rue Tank Ace: Armour-piercing, Fire!  He began service with Chuikov as his aide-de-camp in mid-1952. They worked together for only a few months—when Vasily Ivanovich transitioned to the Kiev Military District in 1953, Bryukhov remained in Germany to aid Marshal Grechko (then ranked a Colonel General) as he settled into the leadership position. Bryukhov wrote the following about Chuikov: “Many great commanders, instilling fear in their subordinates, often fawned and groveled before their superiors. But Chuikov was not like that. He was tough, firm and determined in defending his opinions. In addition, if everyone treated the spending of public funds allocated to the army the way he did, then we would have fewer problems. I remember there were many complaints from the families of the officers of the division located in the city of Halle. We went there to find out. The Commander-in-Chief asked the officers' wives to gather in the officers' house and addressed them with a speech: – 'I have received many complaints from you about the living conditions. Indeed, you live in communal apartments, where each family is allocated one room. It’s hard to live in such conditions, but let’s look at this issue from a state perspective. Your husbands have been sent to serve in the Group of Forces for three years with subsequent replacement. They receive double salary, rations of high-quality food and 45 days of vacation. Military personnel in the USSR do not have such benefits. You all dressed up, bought things not only for yourself, but also for your family and close relatives. Yes, you can build housing here, but why, when in our homeland recovery after the war is going on with such difficulty?! In addition, understand that we are occupation troops located on German territory temporarily. Sooner or later, we will leave here and abandon everything. So why are we going to build and leave it to the Germans?! Well, in the end I want to suggest: if it’s hard for someone, then tell me frankly right now, write a report, I’ll sign it right here, and you’ll be sent home early.' The answer is silence.”