Pictured: Marshal V.I. Chuikov at the walls of the Serebryano-Prudskaya (Silver Ponds) school, 1970s. In August of 2023, I began a new semester and a new adventure—one that has taken me through a whirlwind of activity in my second year as a full-time faculty member. However, one thing remains constant—my commitment to continuing research on the life and work of Marshal Chuikov. Although my schedule has precluded me from writing as much as I would like, I am still exploring new topics with the hope of publishing one day. In the meantime, I will continue to share my thoughts on my blog and with my students as I am able. The recent discovery of a particular photograph of Marshal Chuikov (the photo displayed above) caused me to consider how deeply respected and revered he was—and still is—not only in his native land but across the globe. What strikes me about this image is Vasily Ivanovich’s gentle smile and the genuine delight he exudes as he waves both hands at his admirers. In the Western world, we would say that Chuikov was a “rockstar”—a legendary leader during his lifetime whose influence is still felt strongly today. No doubt this is due at least in part to his authenticity—the topic of numerous writers, which inspired many of my blog entries. In reviewing web resources on authentic leadership, I discovered a few superlative characteristics befitting the Marshal himself. Master-certified leadership coach and presenter Joshua Miller  shared several signs indicative of an authentic leader, highlighted below in italics: Authentic leaders know who they are and what they stand for.   Based on my research of his writings as well as those who wrote about their experiences in serving with him, Vasily Ivanovich knew his own mind. Deeply inspired as a young man upon hearing one of Lenin’s speeches in the summer of 1918, Chuikov understood his life’s purpose—to be a “man with a gun” protecting the common people. Moving forward, his life was filled with many years of active service to his country in the military and beyond. Soviet Marshals and Deputies of the Supreme Soviet lived full lives of working for the public good. During the zenith of Chuikov’s career in the early 1960s, he held various posts simultaneously—Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces, Chief of the Civil Defense, Deputy Minister of Defense, a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, as well as a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet. Authentic leaders possess courage . In his memoir titled A Soldier’s Duty, Marshal Rokossovsky  shared the following reflection which captures this tenet well: “Chuikov was rude, but in war, especially in the conditions in which he had to be, it was perhaps difficult to be different. Only someone like him could stand and hold this edge of the earth in his hands. The courage and dedication of the army commander were a living example for his subordinates, and this greatly contributed to the resilience shown by all the army personnel who fought for the city." Authentic leaders speak tough truths comfortably.   When Vasily Ivanovich was assigned to command the 62nd Army in September 1942, he knew the situation at the battlefront involved intense fighting in a frantic attempt to hold the city of Stalingrad. In connecting with the troops during this desperate time, Chuikov spoke frankly and directly with his soldiers about the intolerable shortages of supplies. He communicated his desire to listen to his troops and pledged to provide as much support as possible. Those difficult days required determined leaders who were willing to advocate for their soldiers and motivate others by being actively present at the front with their troops. Authentic leaders honor others, openly. During the Great Patriotic War, Chuikov encouraged and rewarded initiative among the ranks. He was swift to recognize soldiers for their contributions and was certain to spread the news of such accomplishments throughout the 62nd Army. One well-known instance of this tendency involved the celebrated Soviet sniper, Vasily Zaitsev. He was credited with the famous saying, “There is no land for us beyond the Volga” ( Za Volgoy dlya nas zemli nyet ). This statement became a mantra for the defenders of Stalingrad, inspiring soldiers to hold fast.

Pictured: Colonel-General V. I. Chuikov hunting in Germany, accompanied by his daughter Irina and his sister-in-law Vera (wife of Fedor), 1947. Authentic leadership  is about establishing genuine connections with employees and colleagues throughout the organization and building relationships with them. Communication, sharing about themselves, and listening to others are qualities they possess. When employees believe their managers are truly concerned about them and remember personal details about them, they react more favorably. This type of leadership behavior engenders loyalty in their subordinates, and people are more likely to remain with the organization and maintain positive relationships with their managers if they know they are cared for outside the office. An authentic leader asks about the family of their employees, for instance. Authentic leaders will always listen to their employees as well as share details of their own lives. Leaders who can connect with their team members in a real way are more likely to be respected, liked, and remembered. With Marshal Chuikov, strangers quickly became new friends as he had a special way of connecting with people from all walks of life. During his many travels throughout the Soviet Union, he often paid visits to hunting reserves and worked with local contacts to enjoy time in nature. One such contact, Vasily Pavlovich Ivanov, personally knew Marshal Chuikov for whom he organized duck hunting. In his description of his encounter  with Vasily Ivanovich in 1969, he shared about how genuine and approachable the Marshal was: “In the autumn of 1969, I was summoned to the Volgograd Military Hunting Society and told that Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov, who was on a business trip, expressed a desire to hunt wild duck in the Donskoye hunting estate after the end of his business. I was assigned to accompany him. […] To say that I was worried is to say nothing, because for Stalingraders Chuikov was not just a Marshal, but a man whom everyone literally idolized, said Ivanov. He drove up in a GAZ-69 car and asked: ‘Have we arrived right? Is this the Donskoye hunting estate?’ I answered that it was correct. ‘Well, shall we hunt?’ ‘We will, Vasily Ivanovich, everything is ready for us.’ ‘Then let's go.’ While sailing to the opposite bank of the Don, he asked about family, children, whether there was an apartment... Chuikov turned out to be an experienced hunter, he shot professionally, and he had a unique gun. Got a few ducks. I will never forget how the Marshal turned to me: ‘Well, namesake, shall we wrap it up?’ […] I have seen many different people in my lifetime, but Chuikov was so easy to communicate with, accessible, without a shadow of any glory, that I would never have thought that this was an outstanding commander who stood for Stalingrad to death.   With me, in fact, then the kid, he talked on an equal footing. But this man did not let the enemy go to the Volga, he did a lot for the revival of our city. Of course, his name will forever remain in the history of Stalingrad-Volgograd.” During his brief duck hunting trip, Marshal Chuikov scored a number of kills , which he insisted were taken by Ivanov to provide food for his family and for local needy families. As Chuikov was closing his excursion, he shared his wishes with Ivanov: “The Marshal called Vasily Pavlovich and told him: ‘I think that's enough. It's time for me to pack up. A military plane is waiting at the airfield, I will fly further to the East to check on military units.’ Vasily Ivanovich refused to take ducks with him. He asked to treat them to his family, to distribute to those in need. Then he thanked Ivanov for the excellently organized hunting, apologized that he could not stay for lunch, presented a bottle of Armenian cognac and left. And Vasily Pavlovich stood for a long time and looked at the trail of the dusting GAZ-69 and thought about what a simple, kind, decent and fair person his fate brought him together, that's why his soldiers—Stalingraders—love Chuikov...”

Pictured: Colonel-General V. I. Chuikov (left) on the Seelow Heights during the Berlin operation. Nearby are Generals Pronin, Belyavsky, and Yashchuk, 16 April 1945. Another blog post   explores the strained relationship between Marshals Chuikov and Zhukov and the fundamental disagreement over pressing forward to Berlin earlier rather than later. A later incident occurred during the drive to Berlin in April 1945 when Marshals Zhukov and Konev  were pitted against each other to see which rival would take the city first. Journalist Sergei Baimukhametov reviewed  what actions took place in those first crucial days of the Battle for Seelow Heights: “According to the plan of the Stavka, it was ordered to take Seelow with strikes from the combined arms armies and to let the tank armies of Mikhail Katukov and Semyon Bogdanov bypass from the north and northeast. But Zhukov changed the plan. In his memoirs, he says that Stalin agreed: ‘Act as you see fit, you know better where you are.’ Zhukov placed tanks behind the infantry of [Chuikov’s] 8th Guards Army in order to break through the defenses with an infantry attack, and then bring two tank armies into the ‘clean breakthrough’—directly to Berlin. But the very first wave of infantry drowned in blood and fire. The second one too. By itself, the order shows [Zhukov’s] attitude towards soldiers as consumables: go ahead of the tanks, equipment is more valuable than a person! Vasily Chuikov, commander of the 8th Guards Army, ordered the artillery to be brought closer to support the attacking formations of his infantry with fire. When tractors with guns went, Zhukov ordered the tanks to move. Chuikov wrote carefully in his memoirs: ‘Apparently, wanting to increase the pace of the offensive and accelerate the breakthrough of the enemy’s defenses ... the front commander decided to bring into battle in the zone of our army the 1st Guards Tank Army of M. E. Katukov and the 11th Tank Corps of I. I. Yushchuk ... When the tank formations began to pass the battle formations of the 8th Guards Army, it became even more crowded on the roads, and it was impossible to get off them to the side. The tanks of the 1st Guards literally ran into our tractors, a result of which the maneuver of the second echelons of divisions and corps turned out to be constrained.’ Even from these careful words, it is not difficult to imagine this picture. The roads in the swampy floodplain of the Oder were clogged with our infantry and artillery. Zhukov, seeing this—he was at the command post of the 8th Army—gave the order to the tank army and the tank corps to break through to the heights through ... our battle formations. The evidence ‘Tanks ran into our tractors’ and ‘Brigades broke out to the enemy defense line,’ means that the tanks crushed their own. And from the heights, along [with] the congestion in the valley, the Nazi artillery threshed with direct fire. [In a word]—meat grinder.” German language expert and translator Alexander Yakovlevich Bogomolov   shared several anecdotes  about Army General Chuikov’s time of service in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). However, his account of Vasily Ivanovich’s visit to the Seelow Heights site nearly 6 years after the famous battle took place provides insight into Chuikov’s depth of emotion and reverence for his soldiers who perished there. One can imagine the frustration he experienced in April 1945 when Zhukov berated him  for the 8th Guards Army’s slow advance because Zhukov underestimated the situation, and the sorrow Chuikov experienced in revisiting that site years later… “This happened in March 1951. Captain Valery Tikhonov, Chuikov's assistant, found me and announced: ‘Comrade Corporal (jokingly, he often addressed me like that), at the moment General of the Army Chuikov wants to urgently talk to you.’ I learned that Chuikov was going to Frankfurt an der Oder at 2 PM to visit one of the Soviet military units. And I had to accompany him in case any of the district SED leaders are there. […] Our car stopped near Seelow. Chuikov got out of the car and went to the field. There he began to pick wildflowers and finally stopped in front of a large boulder. The general kissed the stone as he knelt down and placed his bouquet beside it. His eyes were wet [with tears]. ‘In April 1945, I proposed to bypass these Seelow Heights from the south, but my friends warned me against this, saying that I should abandon my plan and instead follow the existing order. So I followed the order. But more than thirty thousand of my soldiers and officers perished here.’ He got up and excitedly walked to the car. As soon as he slammed the car door, he ordered the driver: ‘Back to Bünsdorf.’ The trip to the military unit did not take place.”

Pictured: The 1st Belorussian Front Command Staff planning the final assault on Berlin, 1945. In the years following the Great Patriotic War, Marshal Chuikov shared his critique  of the Front Commander Marshal G. K. Zhukov and his handling of the final assault on Berlin. Vasily Ivanovich stated that he inadvertently overheard a phone call between Zhukov and Stalin (which Zhukov reportedly denied the occurrence) when Stalin told Zhukov to halt the advance to Berlin in February 1945. Chuikov, who served at the front lines of battle during the offensive in Poland and Germany, held the opinion that Zhukov should have countered Stalin and demanded to push ahead with the offensive to take Berlin earlier. In the March 1964 edition of the October  journal, Marshal Chuikov shared the f ollowing statement : “The situation was favorable for us. Hitler's divisions, tied up by the offensive actions of our troops in Courland, in East Prussia, in the Budapest region, of course, could not help the Berlin garrison. The divisions transferred by Hitler from the Western Front from the Ardennes forests were not yet ready for active operations. I am sure that the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts could allocate an additional three or four armies in order to decisively move with us to the main military-political center of fascism to Berlin. And the mastery of Berlin decided the outcome of the war.” In his review  of Marshal Chuikov’s book titled The Fall of Berlin , Reuben Ainzstein shared author Erich Kuby’s support of Chuikov’s point of view. Kuby wrote that he could have captured Berlin at the beginning of February, but considers Stalin's decision to halt the advance of the 1st Belorussian Front as “one of the most fateful mistakes committed by the Soviet dictator” (93). While reporters and researchers have discussed the rivalry and alleged ill feelings between Chuikov and Zhukov, there is a leadership lesson to be gleaned from the scenario. Vasily Ivanovich admitted his feelings of frustration and contempt toward Zhukov for not taking a stand against Stalin to end the war sooner. Despite having a fundamental disagreement with his superior, Chuikov still submitted to Zhukov’s orders during the war. The photographs preceding this blog entry show Colonel-General Chuikov seated almost front and center in the room full of army commanders who were a part of the 1st Belorussian Front meeting. While Chuikov may not have respected Zhukov on a personal level, he more than likely respected Zhukov’s position —during the Great Patriotic War, Chuikov was his subordinate. After the war, however, Vasily Ivanovich continued his ascent in his military career to the highest rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955—an equal to Marshal Zhukov. During a public exchange at the October 1957 plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Marshal Chuikov’s conversation with Nikita Khruschev  about Zhukov’s deficiencies was well documented. Other remarks were also published in later articles. In 1965, Chuikov responded to criticism  of his statements by his peers: “'What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe. My memoirs are subjective, but it is natural. I can’t write about other armies, I don’t know how Moskalenko fought, let him write. Perhaps I did not take into account the foreign resonance, but the editors took the manuscript from me, and there was someone to consult with." A. Epishev asked Chuikov, what was his reaction to the speeches of his comrades, did this change his former opinion? Vasily Ivanovich, with his usual frankness, replied that he was not at all inclined to ignore the considerations expressed, but he could not refuse what was written. 'Something is written correctly and maybe something is wrong.' He thanked them for the criticism and immediately added: ‘I won’t raise my hands right away, but I won’t seek press appearances.’” In a commentary on Vasily Ivanovich's critique of Zhukov's actions and the taking of Berlin, historian Dmitri Surzhik asserted i n an interview  that most likely Chuikov “was driven by conceited motives rather than the desire to find historical truth.” However, given Marshal Chuikov’s character, love of his soldiers, and presence at the front during 1945, a contrasting assessment is based on the premise that Vasily Ivanovich wanted a swift end to the Great Patriotic War to save lives—the lives of Soviet soldiers, Poles, and even Germans. To draw out the war nearly 3 more months when the Red Army was so close to Germany at the beginning of February 1945 must have been highly frustrating to a number of soldiers, not just Chuikov. In my humble opinion, conceit had little to do with it…

Pictured: Colonel-General V. I. Chuikov briefing the 8th Guards Army on battle plans for an upcoming offensive, Poland, 1944. Management By Confusion (MBC)  is one way in which managers control their teams—by never giving complete clarity to the team, or by providing contradictory instructions. This type of behavior causes anxiety, uncertainty, conflict, and even inaction due to personnel paralysis. Receiving contradictory instructions affects productivity and morale, leading to a higher level of frustration and possible employee disengagement. When a leader is faced with this scenario, he must “make a way” forward often. It means taking initiative and addressing the confusion head-on, on behalf of the team. Marshal Chuikov had to face such confusion in his experience, and he addressed it directly by conducting his own research to gain clarity. Since he was a visual learner and had the gift of making sense of situations through observation and analysis, he developed his own conclusions and approached his Front Commander, Marshal Rokossovsky, with his plans. Not one to sit back and depend upon others to take charge, Chuikov faced the confusion directly, taking personal initiative and seeking answers and information to help him develop an effective plan of attack. The scenario highlighted in this blog post also demonstrates Vasily Ivanovich’s respect for his superiors because he presented his plan for review and approval by his superiors. And it is important to remember that confusion in an army means the difference between life and death… The following excerpt is from John Erickson’s work titled The Road to Berlin —the text describes the 8th Guards Army movements after the Battle of Stalingrad, when the soldiers were in Poland: “Chuikov’s and Kolpakchi’s mobile columns were advancing northwest but Chuikov was baffled by the apparently contradictory orders he received—halt the advance, consolidate positions, resume the advance… The tempo of the Soviet advance as a whole was beginning to flag as the armies moved further and further from their bases, and now the confusion of instructions tended to slow the 8th Guards and 2nd Tank Army in their sweep to the Vistula [River]. […] Chuikov’s 8th Guards still received contradictory orders: on 26 July [1944], Chuikov was ordered to reach the Vistula on the Garwolin-Deblin sector, keeping his army in compact order and in full readiness for a major engagement, with forward detachments sent ahead to a considerable distance—only to be told a few hours later that the 8th Guards Army will not become dispersed.[…] Col.-Gen. Chuikov nevertheless realized that sooner or later his formations must force the Vistula, even though they were coasting alongside it at the moment; Chuikov himself set out to choose a particular sector, and a little to the north-west of Magnuszew, in the village of Wilga. The Army commander conducted his own reconnaissance, driving into the middle of a Polish crowd in holiday mood, taking the air on the Vistula bank and enjoying the music of accordions. From observation of the western bank, it was clear that the Germans did not expect an attack here and Chuikov planned for the Magnuszew sector to make his crossing of the Vistula. Returning to his own HQ, Chuikov reported to Rokossovsky about his decision, which the Front Commander noted and promised to reply the next day. At noon on 30 July Rokossovsky came on the line and authorized Chuikov to prepare plans for forcing the Vistula on the Madeinwice-Stezvce sector (south of the sector Chuikov had himself chosen) giving him three days’ notice; not unnaturally, Chuikov asked for the Wilga sector, the one he had already chosen, and pointed out that he could begin operations 'early tomorrow morning, not in three days’ time, since all preparatory work has been done here. He submitted at once plans specifying 1 August as the operational date, and this was approved. On the morning of 1 August Chuikov’s men launched their boats into the darkness; the scouts reached the western bank and had cleared the first line of German trenches before the artillery opened fire, as the rifle battalions began their crossing."

Pictured: Major General K.A. Gurov (left) with Lieutenant General V.I. Chuikov (center), Stalingrad, 1943. Before he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, there were times when Vasily Chuikov faced leaders who were dismissive of his knowledge and advice. One such experience involved the former Commander of the Stalingrad Front, General Vasily Gordov, who openly displayed dismissive behavior toward Chuikov when he wanted to provide a situational update in the summer of 1942. In organizations, dismissive behavior  can lead to significant issues, such as communication breakdowns, a loss of trust, and the creation of a toxic environment. Such behavior can undermine teamwork, reduce productivity, and impede effective collaboration. When individuals dismiss others' ideas or contributions, it can lead to conflicts, reduced morale, and decreased productivity. This behavior often results in a lack of collaboration and disengagement among team members, which impedes overall organizational performance. To mitigate the impact of dismissive behavior, it is essential for leaders to foster an inclusive culture that values all contributions, encourages open dialogue, and addresses issues constructively. By doing so, organizations can enhance teamwork, improve job satisfaction, and drive better outcomes. Sergey Mikheenkov explored the scenario at the front in his blog post titled  “The Stalingrad Turning Point.” The German forces at Stalingrad were steadily gaining the upper hand, particularly in terms of tanks, where they held a two-to-one advantage. By 22 July, the Soviet troops of the Stalingrad Front, facing General Paulus, consisted of 187,000 soldiers, 360 tanks, 7,900 guns and mortars, and about 340 aircraft. The next day, Lieutenant General Vasily Gordov was appointed commander of the front, replacing Marshal Semyon Timoshenko. Stalin reassigned  Timoshenko from front-line duties to oversee various fronts, including North-Western (October 1942), Leningrad (June 1943), Caucasus (June 1944), and Baltic (August 1944). On 23 July, Paulus' army  began its offensive towards Kalach-on-Don, a key city only 50 kilometers from Stalingrad. The 62nd and 64th Soviet armies were tasked with defending Kalach. The Germans quickly breached the Soviet defensive positions near the village of Verkhnyaya Buzinovka and reached the Don River, threatening to encircle the entire Soviet force. In response, Colonel General Alexander Vasilevsky, the Chief of the General Staff, arrived in the Stalingrad area to address the situation. A bold counterattack was launched by two newly reformed tank armies (the 1st and 4th), following their retreat from Kharkov. Although these counterattacks did not lead to significant changes on the front, they temporarily halted the German advance and prevented the encirclement of the 62nd and 64th armies. The Battle of Stalingrad was already revealing its brutal and decisive nature. Both Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler were prepared to make extreme sacrifices to achieve victory: Stalin could not allow the city bearing his name to fall, while Hitler was obsessively determined to capture it. During this critical period, Stalin issued Order No. 227, known as “Not a Step Back!” Frontline soldiers recognized the order's severe but timely significance. British historian Geoffrey Roberts noted in his work titled Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History  that the primary goal of Order No. 227 was to control the Red Army's strategic retreat while also preparing the troops psychologically for the defense of Stalingrad. Marshal Chuikov wrote about those difficult days on the Russian steppe leading up to the German bombing of Stalin’s City in his seminal work The Battle for Stalingrad : “On the evening of 30 July, I handed over command of the [64th] Army to General Shumilov and left for Front Headquarters at Stalingrad, where I spent two days waiting to see Gordov. I found loitering about the town and waiting for I knew not what, at a time when important events were taking place at the front, extremely disagreeable. On the evening of 1 August, I finally went in to see Gordov. He was listening to a report from Air Commandant General T. T. Khryukin. Gordov was in a gay, even jesting, mood. ‘The enemy has been pinned down in our defense positions,’ he said, ‘and he can now be wiped out with a single blow.’ Contrasting Gordov’s mood with that of Lopatin, and remembering the vain search in the steppe for the divisions that were not there, I came to the conclusion that the Front Commander did not know the situation at the front. He took wishful thinking for reality, and did not realize that a new threat, a large-scale attack, was imminent from the region of Tsimlyanski through Kotelnikovo. General Gordov would not listen to my report. ‘I know the situation at the front as well as you,’ he affirmed...” (44) On 5 August , the Supreme Command Headquarters decided to split the 800-kilometer front into two sections: the Stalingrad Front, under Gordov, and the Southeastern Front, under Colonel General Andrei Erёmenko. On 7 August, Paulus' army resumed its offensive, launching a pincer attack on the Soviet forces in the Kalach-on-Don area, eventually encircling eight rifle divisions. Within a few days, these divisions were defeated, and about 50,000 Soviet soldiers were taken prisoner. Following the setback at Kalach, Erёmenko replaced Gordov as commander of the Stalingrad Front while retaining his command of the Southeastern Front. The challenges faced by Marshal Chuikov with dismissive leaders, particularly General Vasily Gordov, underscore the detrimental effects of such behavior within organizations. Gordov’s disregard for Chuikov’s insights in the summer of 1942 not only exemplified poor leadership but also highlighted the broader consequences of dismissive attitudes—communication failures, a breakdown in trust, and a toxic environment resulting in Gordov’s transfer from this position. This case reflects how dismissive behavior can severely impact teamwork, productivity, and overall effectiveness. As seen in the historical setting of the Battle of Stalingrad, effective leadership and open communication are crucial for achieving strategic success and fostering a supportive environment. In a broader context, addressing dismissive behaviors in organizations and promoting inclusivity and respect are essential for improving organizational performance and ensuring that all contributions are valued.

Pictured L-R: Major-General Nikolai Ivanovich Krylov, Chief of Staff; Lieutenant-General Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov, Commander; Major-General Kuzma Akimovich Gurov, Commissar; Major-General Alexander Ilych Rodimtsev, Commander of the 13th Guards Rifle Division Over the years, several people have asked about my research and why I pursue it. I enjoy WW2 history and spent much time during COVID reading the memoirs by Marshal Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov. He was a Lieutenant-General during the war at Stalingrad, which is considered to be one of the most decisive victories against the Nazis and a turning point of the war. His Chief of Staff, Major-General Nikolai Krylov, was indispensable to the 62nd Army's success. In an excerpt from Michael Jones' book Stalingrad: How the Red Army Triumphed , an officer who served at the Army HQ on the banks of the Volga River shared his memory of the two leaders working together. "Chuikov and his Chief of Staff Krylov formed an indispensable partnership. [Anatoly] Mereshko recalled: 'They worked together as a team at Stalingrad, and became almost indivisible, like two soldier's boots marching together to the same step. Krylov was a big, strong man--like Chuikov--and once he had worked as a porter on the Volga, which was tough, physical strong work. That kind of physical toughness was so important at Stalingrad. He was also a very calm person and in difficult situations, he always managed to retain his self-control--he could appear relaxed even in the most terrible crisis. On many occasions, he calmed Chuikov down. When the oil went up in flames above our HQ, and some were panicking and running around inside, it was Krylov who kept his head. He saw the danger--the surrounding trenches were quickly flooding with burning oil--and told everyone to stay where they were: he ordered them to stay in their dugouts and continue working. A lot of lives were saved by his quick thinking.'"

Pictured: V.I. Chuikov, mid-1938. On the reverse side of the photo: signature of Marshal Chuikov from 25 December 1958, given to author Pavel Ilyich Fedorov (1905–1983). After completion of courses  at the Military Academy for Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army in 1936, Chuikov was assigned to command a brigade in Belarus that December. He was later promoted to the commander of Bobruisk Army Group (4th Army) of Belarus which occurred in June 1938. Vasily Ivanovich served in this last position for 5 months when he was called to give an account of his troops’ status. With the exception of a short stint with the 9th Army during the Russo-Finnish War, Chuikov commanded the 4th Army until December 1940, when he was deployed to service in China. The events leading up to the review in late 1938 are well-known to many. Marc Jensen and Nikita Petrov, authors of Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Yezhov 1895-1940,  shared that Stalin decided to end the mass terror after nearly two years of political and military purges (1936-1938). The Politburo  approved the joint resolution of the Council of the People’s Commissars and the Central Committee on 17 November 1938 to end the Great Purge. Historian James Harris  posits that Stalin and other leaders “believ[ed] that they were always surrounded by capitalist enemies, always worried about the vulnerability and loyalty of the Red Army .” A series of meetings with the Supreme Council under the People’s Commissar of Defense of the USSR took place from 21-26 November 1938, just after the end of the Great Purge. Numerous military officers, including Eremenko and Voronov, presented assessments on the results of the combat and political training  of the Red Army. Chuikov also spoke  on the evening of 23 November, sharing his concerns on various factors impacting the Red Army, including issues with the railway system: “There is a feeling of great overinsurance in the troops, as a result of which many soldiers are taken away from combat training to guard even the houses of command personnel. We need to reconsider the guard system. Troops are afraid to go out into the field in winter when the frost is more than 12-13 degrees. Experience has shown that there is nothing wrong with going out even at 20 degrees below zero, you just need to organize your work. Combat training plans in units are being disrupted. It is necessary to cancel the monthly gatherings of company commanders to study the history of the party. The troops in 1938 received cartridges and shells late. The shooting ranges are poorly equipped. Processing of tactical tasks is not worked out comprehensively. The construction of the "URa" [fortified area] is in jeopardy. There is no transport. We have received a narrow-gauge railway and rolling stock for it, but we cannot work, since we do not have a simple thing – crutches [railroad spikes – MK ]. In combat units, horses are poorly used and they rely more on vehicles. The courses for junior lieutenants paid off. Lieutenants of the first releases give good performance indicators. The recruitment system and norms for super-conscripts need to be revised because the best part goes to the courses for junior lieutenants and undesirable elements have to be left behind.” In reflection of Chuikov’s honest assessment of troop conditions and readiness, a few items come to mind. Vasily Ivanovich knew well enough that Stalin was not seeking a “rose-colored view,” but a candid review and an authentic situational awareness report. Since Chuikov possessed an excellent work ethic and approached his tasks with seriousness, he was able to navigate difficult situations with professionalism. I suspect these characteristics, among other special qualities including his people skills and sincere loyalty to the Communist Party, kept him out of harm’s way when it came to Stalin’s watchful eye. The Stalinist purges represent a time of extreme duress which none of us will experience in our organizations, but Chuikov’s example serves to remind us that tending to the work put in front of us is the best course in challenging times. In closing, Nikolai Kartashov's biographical work Vasily Chuikov  includes the following personnel review which describes his outstanding characteristics effectively and demonstrates his authenticity: "In the party organization of the headquarters of Bobruisk Army Groups since September 1938. During his stay in the party organization of the headquarters, Chuikov showed himself to be ideologically consistent and morally stable. There were no deviations or vacillations from the general line of the party, either in practical or in ideological-theoretical work. Devoted to the LENIN-STALIN party and the socialist Motherland. For military services during the Civil War, he was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner. Politically developed well. A sensitive, sympathetic comrade. Actively participates in the party and political life of the party organization. He carries out the tasks of the party organization carefully. Authoritative. Demanding. Energetic. Connected with the masses. He is working on his political growth. Elected a member of the bureau by secret ballot in May 1938 Bobruisk district committee of the All-Union Communist Party. Has no party penalties." Party Bureau Secretary Mistenev  Deputy Beginning Political Department Battalion Commissar Slyusarenko

Pictured: Colonel-General V. I. Chuikov reviewing strategies with 8th Guards Army officers. Chuikov was photographed wearing his first Hero of the Soviet Union gold star (No. 1958), which was awarded to him on 19 March 1944. In  a recent article  written by Jason Gordon, Systems Theory of Management is explained in this way. An organization is composed of interrelated and interdependent sub-systems. Systems are affected both internally (by the actions of their subunits) as well as externally (by environmental factors). For the system to be open, organizations must receive inputs from other systems in numerous forms. In contrast to a closed system, an open system is impacted by variables. An organization, for example, may receive human resources and raw materials. Such inputs are then transformed into outputs through employee management and activities to produce products and services, which in turn influence other systems. Building on the Systems Theory, organizational development researcher Pete Senge introduced the construct of the “learning organization”—a living, breathing organism comprised of people who contribute to achieving objectives. Organizations must learn for their survival. It has always been the case that the only way to thrive is to consistently  learn faster than competitors .  Glenn Cunningham and Charles Allen  explained the link between Senge’s theories and the Army Organizational Life Cycle Model (AOLCM) in their chapter titled “Applying  Clausewitz  and Systems Thinking to Design”: “The use of system-thinking models helps members understand complex problems and develops shared team understanding while suggesting ways to leverage the problems and identify and test solutions―all processes that support learning organizations. Senge’s insights apply to the armed services, which are undeniably large, stratified organizations composed of systems within systems. The AOLCM depicts the linkage of systems for acquiring, developing, employing, and then retiring resources. A vivid example of the AOLCM in action is personnel—the Army recruits, trains, and educates people, then assigns them to perform missions until they are eventually released from service. Some may naively believe that such a personnel system is a simple linear process, but in truth, it is inherently convoluted and complex. […] Any theater of war presents a complex array of intermixed physical, geographical, psychological, social, political, and economic factors such that experts have long recognized that military operations must be approached from a systems perspective.” (247, 249) Organizational learning for the 62nd-8th Guards Army reflected a successful cycle of understanding and activity.  Max Visser  posits that human action “lead[s] to more effective knowledge, which in its turn should lead to more effective action.” Over time, Chuikov’s 62nd-8th Guards Army was forged into an elite fighting force that was able to exploit the weaknesses of the German Army. In Stalingrad, Vasily Ivanovich and his troops were able to neutralize German advantages by significantly reducing the area of “no man’s land,” which discouraged German pilots from bombing the front lines for fear of hitting their own soldiers. Also, Chuikov’s “ storm groups ”—squads composed of swift-moving troops armed with guns and grenades battling in buildings ruined by strategic bombing—were particularly effective in defending the city. Daniel Welch, who was a contributing author to the  Red Army re-enactment manual , shared the following insights in cementing organizational learning during the war: "Between battles, the Red Army conducted rigorous training, from squad level all the way up. This may be as basic as drills out of the manual, or as complicated as rehearsing assault group actions in destroying German strongpoints. Units would expend large quantities of ammunition at live fire ranges, often using captured enemy vehicles as targets, with veteran soldiers teaching new soldiers vehicle weaknesses and the best aiming points. When teaching new soldiers, veterans were also used extensively to explain what they could expect in combat and proven methods of carrying out tasks.”

Pictured: From the publication titled “Glorified Warriors of the Red Army—Candidates of the People to the Supreme Council of the USSR,” Guards Colonel-General V. I. Chuikov examined the targets of the fighters after firing training and enjoyed a meeting with his Guards voters. The text reads: “Servant to the Homeland, Father to Soldiers! The name of twice Hero of the Soviet Union Guards Colonel-General Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov is inextricably linked with the heroic Stalingrad epic. Under his command, the hero-guardsmen stood to death at the walls of the Volga stronghold and did not miss the enemy. From Stalingrad, Chuikov's Guards, crushing the enemy, traveled a long and difficult path to Berlin and participated in the assault on the German capital. The soldiers of the Special Electoral District nominated the faithful son of the Soviet people, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov as [their] candidate for Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Now the hero-guards are tirelessly studying the experience of war, improving their combat skills day by day.” Leadership can be loosely defined as having the influence over another group of people to cause them to do what is wanted. This influence is tied to the power associated with an individual. Social psychologists French and Raven (1959) indicated 5 power bases  in their research: legitimate, reward, expert, referent, and coercive. A newer list of bases  includes 3 more—physical, resource, and network power. In studying Marshal Chuikov’s life, work, and writings, it appears that he possessed numerous power bases. Legitimate power came from his rank and authority. As a leader, he had the power to reward, provide resources, and serve as an expert with informational power. Chuikov was also physically tough—he had to be to withstand the severe conditions of heavy combat, for he was actively present with his soldiers at the front lines of battle. And, Vasily Ivanovich was able to inspire his soldiers through his warmth and ability to connect with them—his referent power is evident in photographs as well. Case in point—the photos attached with this blog post feature a patient Colonel-General Chuikov carefully observing his soldiers during target practice, reviewing the results of their firing automatic weapons; and another with Chuikov surrounded by voters who supported his candidacy as a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet. While one may argue that the photographs were staged by the photographer, there remain elements of body language occurring naturally which cannot be dictated or fabricated. It is obvious to the viewer that the connection between Chuikov and his soldiers is genuine. While Marshal Chuikov is most widely known for his heroism during the Great Patriotic War, his career spanned over several decades and included numerous offices. His election as a Deputy to the Supreme Soviet led to many years of fruitful service for the public which lasted through Convocations 2 – 9. Soviets, in the form of freely elected deputies , exercised state power on behalf of the people of the Soviet Union. The deputies were fully authorized and responsible representatives of people who, based on trust, worked to represent the public interest in the state, address and examine the government's work, and direct and monitor social and economic development. It is a fair assessment to state that Marshal Chuikov positively impacted the lives of countless people and brought tangible benefits through his participation in the work of the Supreme Soviet.

Pictured: Chuikov's 8th Guards Army in Berlin, 1945 Since the beginning of time, humankind has often asked the question “why…” The great philosophers of antiquity grappled with the question, as it is central to understanding the human experience. And it begins at a young age. Toddlers often ask, “Why is the sky blue?” or “Why is the grass green?” As a person grows older, the question continues to gain complexity and causes one to reflect. Authentic leaders are self-aware and fully understand their “why”—why they strive, why they act, why they fight. During the Great Patriotic War, soldiers understood why they fought when they witnessed first-hand the death and destruction caused by the Nazis across Europe. Western and Eastern Front armies closed in on Berlin in the final days of the war in April 1945, and Chuikov’s 8 th  Guards Army were there in the thick of things. In  The Fall of Berlin , Vasily Ivanovich shared a moment of respite before the assault on the city. His writing is descriptive, giving the reader a sense of the calm before the storm. In this brief excerpt from his memoirs, a scene from a bombed-ravaged house caused him to recall a sweet moment of time with his wife and younger daughter Irina. Chuikov fully understood his “why”—to defeat the evil regime bent on destroying his family and friends, his community, his homeland, his culture… “In the morning I went up to my observation post. It was in a large five-storied building near the Johannisthal aerodrome. From a corner room here, where there was a jagged hole in the wall, one got a view of the southern and southeastern parts of Berlin. Roofs, roofs without end, with here and there a break between them—the work of landmines. In the distance factory chimneys and church spires stood out. The parks and squares, in which the young leaves were already out, seemed like little outbreaks of green flame. Mist lay along the streets mingled with dust raised from the previous night’s artillery fire. In places the mist was overlaid by fat trails of black smoke, like mourning streamers. And somewhere in the center of the city ragged yellow plumes rose skywards as bombs exploded: the heavy bombers had already started their preliminary “working-over” of the targets for the forthcoming attack. Suddenly the earth shuddered and rocked under my feet: thousands of guns announced the beginning of the storming operation. I glanced around. To my right there was the white patch of a bath, and in the bath lay a broken piece of brick. I felt I had to throw it out. Maybe because something very near and dear had come to mind at the sight of it—my younger daughter, little Irina, who was very fond of splashing about in her bath. When the war began and the front came close to Moscow, my wife and both our daughters were evacuated to Kuibyshev (now known as Samara, on the Volga). There they lived in someone’s flat, which had no bath. Irina used to get bathed in a wooden tub. Instead of soap, my wife used mustard power…. There’s a war on! A pricking, maddening itch started up on my arm, from fingers to elbows. My skin burned as though my arms had been plunged into hot pitch, or into an ants’ nest. I threw the brick away violently, but the itching did not stop. I first got eczema at the time of the fighting on the approaches to the Volga, and from then on it would flare up periodically. Another little present from the war which was brought to birth by this same Fascist Beast….” (180).

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov In today's global business environment, it is essential that effective leaders and managers learn to be more assertive to succeed.  Leaders who fail to speak up receive fewer resources. A leader's job is to ensure the team has what it needs to succeed, such as new members, training, and supplies. Marshal Chuikov understood that building trust with his leadership team and his soldiers meant fighting alongside them in the trenches as well as advocating for them in the requisitioning of more supplies. It was necessary for Vasily Ivanovich to approach his superiors with the dire situation of the battlefront as well as the acute need for ammunition. In mid-October 1942 during a crucial phase of the Battle for Stalingrad, Chuikov demonstrated his tenacity and insisted on increased supplies. This scenario is described in his memoirs: "The same night (16 October 1942), I was warned that the Commander of the Front, Colonel-General Yeremenko, and his deputy, Lieutenant-General Popov, were coming to see us. Gurov, the Member of the Military Council, and I went to the landing-stage to meet them. Everything round us was exploding, the noise was deafening; German six-barrelled mortars were keeping the Volga under incessant attack. Hundreds of wounded were crawling towards the landing stage and the ferry. We often had to step over bodies. Not knowing where the boat with the Front Commander would land, we walked up and down the bank, then returned to the dugout... To our surprise, Generals Yeremenko and Popov were already at the command post. It was a wretched picture that they had found. The command post dugouts had been turned into craters with logs sticking out of the ground. Everything on the bank was covered in ash and dust. When we said goodbye at dawn I asked the Front Commander to let us have more men, not divisions, but small draft units, and more ammunition. ‘You will have what you want,' he said, and, as he left, recommended that with the arrival of the 138th Division, we should move our Army command post further south along the bank of the Volga. A day later we received the plan, confirmed by the Front Commander, for deliveries of ammunition to the Army. We were scheduled to be sent as much ammunition for the month as we could use in one day of fierce fighting. We could not but protest, and we managed to obtain a little more than the amount set out in the plan." ( The Battle for Stalingrad , 203-204)